The London Congestion Charge is now a reality Essay Example for Free

The capital of the United Kingdom Congestion Charge is now a reality EssayBackground infoCongestion charging is a way of ensuring that those using worthy and congested road space make a financial contribution. The scheme requires drivers to pay 5 per day if they wish to drive in Central capital of the United Kingdom during the schemes hours of operation. The scheme relies on 700 video cameras, which will scan the rear license plates of the motorists who enter the atomic number 18a between 7am and 630pm during the working workweek. This information will be matched each night against a database of drivers who have paid the charge either by phone, via the Internet or at shops and petrol forecourts. Except for those with exemptions (the disabled, taxis, nurses etc.) anyone who fails to pay by midnight will be fined 80. The Mayor of London Ken Livingstone put the scheme in place on February 2003. The scheme is live Monday- Friday, 7am- 630pm (excluding public holidays). Residents atomic number 18 entitled to a 90% discount and those with a disabled blue badge, taxis and licensed mini cabs, and drivers of clean-engine vehicles, among others, will be able to drive in the over-crowding charge zone for free.The situation prior to the charging was that* London suffers from the worst traffic congestion in the UK and is amongst the worst in Europe.* Drivers in London spend 50% of their time in queues.* Every weekday morning, the equivalent of 25 busy motorway lanes of traffic tries to enter Central London.* It has been estimated that London looses between 2-4 million every week in terms of lost time caused by congestion.Ken Livingstone, Londons Mayor, hopes to cut traffic by 15%, leading to a 25% reduction in traffic delays. The net proceeds are expected to be around 120m a year, which will be used to improve public transport.Because of congestion in London the government has taken over/ intervened because it was a case of market failure. It failed because the road s/ resources werent being managed causing inefficiency and pollution. This congestion charge has been set up to c all told forth that problem because London is the capital and a thriving city. These improvements may seem a bit steep e.g. 80 fine, but they have got to show they are serious so that the scheme is not taken for granted. This scheme will make certain people better off it wont work for everyone. pile who NEED to come into London to work will appreciate the changes because it will mean they will labour to work quicker and work longer hours.roadstead are seen as public goods because you cant charge people for its use if they are there everyone benefits.This scheme should drastically reduce traffic in London because a social cost is being added to their private costs. If you add 5 to someones private cost they will think about their actions.One of the problems that will make grow is that not everyone can pay the market price, so the system can be inequitable. In some cas es inequity of this sort is unavoidable. The fact that people cannot all have everything they want is part of the basic economic problem of scarcity.There are benefits for those with particular lacks such as the disabled and taxi drivers. These need benefits to live a normal life and keep the norm going. Because if taxis and mini-cabs stopped working people who had to travel to work, business meeting or wanted to get directly home would have to use some other means of transport. Also it will encourage them to keep working and disabled people to keep coming into London and not feel restricted.This scheme will also show what the commuters and stakeholders think of the efficiency of roads in Central London. Because if they are satisfactory or think that they are getting their value for their money e.g. less traffic, good maintenance they will be willing to keep paying and maybe more people will see that the scheme is efficient.

Effect of Exposure to Petroleum Products

Effect of Exposure to Petroleum ProductsPetroleum-derived products are chemicals ( more often than not volatile) that primarily apply for internal combustion machines. These products are made up of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon comp integritynts hydrocarbons consist of (aromatic, saturated and unsaturated) and non-hydrocarbons consist of (N, S, O2, vanadium and nickel)(179,180). Some individuals ought to give way a bigger risk of apocalypse to gasoline fumes those individuals may include gasoline trucks drivers, Petroleum refining factory workforce, filling-station staff and service station attendants, (181). In the feed muse, table 3-1 demonstrates that, the scene of oil refineries working staff to petroleum products for long period of time may significantly elevates serum levels of shit, iron, and endure equated to control standards. It is well known that stultification of metal homeostasis in the biological system can be considered as a risk factor for many health disor ders. In this regard, degenerative height of free iron in biological fluids may lead to diabetes, cardiomyocytes damage, impaired sexual drive, colorful-colored cirrhosis, and kidney diseases. Mean objet dart, free iron-induced tissue damage might be irreversible, and should be seriously considered by health care professionals due to the high risk of establishing many types of pathological disorders(182). In addition to the expose from endogenous storage sites, effectual metals along with other pollutants are discharged to the environment finished many industrial activities during most of these activities, wastes are generated and discharged into the environment in volatile forms(181). The pig content in the human consistence represents an essential part of various significant enzymes that takes part in vigorous biological processes. Free form release can be done to catalyze ROS formation despite it is generally proteins bounded, including the most regnant and dangerous rad icals of hydroxyl. Many cell culture and in vitro studies smooth data, support the idea that free form of Cu initiates oxidative stress, and interferes with important many cellular events(183). Moreover, exposure to exogenous sources and/or liberation of free copper from endogenous sources facilitates the rate of Fenton reactions that excessively generate free radicals(184). For a variety of diseases this is considered as a dynamic research zone, in which copper is playing a significant but yet extra delicate part than in acute toxicity(185). Lead, among the metals that elevated in the plasma of oil refineries workers, is the most dangerous one and massive exposure can lead to fatal consequences. In the present landing field, the mean short letter level of lead is significantly elevated in heart-to-heart workers compared with that reported in control subjects.The pathogenesis of lead poisoning is contributed by lead-induced oxidative stress, and increases liberation of ROS throu gh antithetic heterogeneous mechanisms, which may facilitate tissue damage. Among the mechanisms through which Lead induce tissue damage, is the damage of DNA and other proteins and enzymes that have critical roles in body homeostasis. Several target places such as liver, brain, blood vessels, lung, sperm, and testes can be constituted by different pathological conditions related to lead-induced oxidative stress (186). Since lead is one of the components of the petroleum products, especially automobile fuel, blood lead levels are the best indicator of lead exposure impact in the oil refinery and petrol station workers. Many chemicals and additive in Petroleum products however, anyone of the report could be the cause for such deterioration in the homeostasis of certain metals. Accordingly, intervention may be improved to prevent or at least slow up minor impairment development to fatal levels of lead and/or the free forms of iron and copper in the occupational setting. This could be done by the denomination of precise product and the categorization of risk exposed job . Moreover, reports regarding hazards in oil refineries may arise in different ways, such as biological, mental chemical, physical, and non-application of ergonomic principles, etc. Worldwide diseases and work-related hazards remain to be serious problems, due to the large number of hazards in such workplaces and the absence of consideration to health and natural rubber measures to numerous workers. (187).Although the urinary tract system is viewed as a target of heavy metal toxicity, the study showed that there is no obvious significant renewing in kidney position markers. In the present study, table 3-2 demonstrates a slight elevation in serum urea and microalbuminuria levels in the exposed personnel in comparison to non-exposed healthy individuals although serum creatinine levels has not affected at all. Petroleum derivatives consist of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons generally gas oline interrelated , these products are mostly toxic to the body organs and specially the kidney(188,189), that could be referred to the risen liberated toxic metabolites, that includes reactive oxygen species. Although living organism experimentations stated that inhaling the aromatic hydrocarbons toluene, styrene, and xylene was nephrotoxic(190), however, in humans it has not been verified(191). Both human and trial readings propose that the kidney may be affected by several chemicals (192). Of these chemicals, organic solvents role in chronic kidney ailments, mainly chronic glomerulonephritis, has been debated for a long time (193). Moreover, the lead content of the volatile petroleum products can induce many enzymatic systems in the body most of them liberate ROS in many organs and tissues including the kidney and the cardiovascular tissues(194). Development in additional researches in this field was resulted by the acknowledgment that industrial and ecological causes may dama ge the renal functions. In the present study, the biomarkers of renal function (urea, creatinine and microalbuminuria) are not importantly high in oil refinery personnel nevertheless, tour they might be slightly raised, and still within standard figures, an inclination could be signified in the direction of initiation of renal diseases. Within the selfsame(prenominal) context, former research has indicated that petroleum products exposition could have damaging impact on kidney functions(195,196). Stengel et al., based on a case control study, does not summate on the effect of petroleum exposure in occurrence of glomerulonephritis but proposed a role in the progression to end stage renal disease(197). Jacob et al. indicated that while using an suitable cohort study design, exposition to petroleum products for long period is connected, with faster progress to end-stage renal ailment, in patients with IgA and membranous glomerulonephritis(198).Regarding the liver function markers, t he present study demonstrates a significant increase in the activities of ALT, AST, and ALKP in the serum of refinery workers, compared to that reported in non-exposed subjects. This result supports the possibility of the existence of liver damage induced by the long-term exposure to petroleum products. Some of the liver enzymes existed in the serum in quite low concentration. These enzymes function in the serum is to offer hepatic functions information and the possibility of damage in hepatic tissues.Raise of AST and ALT beside the increase in ALP action could imitate inflammatory diseases or liver injury. In this study, the maximum activity of ALKP found was very high, suggesting the likelihood of hepatic cell injury. Serum enzyme activity patterns reflect the organs physiological state, as some investigators stated. For example the AST, ALT and ALKP activities rise in serum levels, was noticed in serum of mice inhaled petroleum vapors(199). Other studies indicate a rise in hepat ic enzymes activities following albino mouse liver injury exposed to different types of toxic substances(200,201). Moreover, albino rats serum and liver showed biochemical changes for rats inveterately exposed to gasoline, kerosine and crude petroleum revealed a dose-dependent increase in the activities of liver enzymes of rats(202). However, the Total and conjugated serum bilirubin remains unaffected. The present study results in agate line with the findings. Evidence from the experimental data indicates that crude petroleum and/or its refined products could induce hepatic damage, and when exposure becomes high and chronic, it could render the liver dysfunctional.The current study indicates that there is no significant effect of exposure to petroleum products on the lipid profile markers. Besides, the serum glucose level is non-significantly affected.The present study reveals a nerveless significant decrease (P= 0.04) in the total anti oxidant status (TAS) in the serum of oil re finery workers, compared with non-exposed subjects. Although exposure to the fumes of oil processing is considered as a powerful initiator of ROS generation, the studied workers show a very small remarkable decrease in this regard. This might be attributed to the effective compensatory mechanisms, which are still function effectively in many of the workers included in the study. Antioxidants, such as GSH, uric acid, ascorbate and -tocopherol present in epithelial lining fluid could keep the tissues from oxidant damage made by air pollutants exposition including petroleum vapors(203). It has been reported that under normal physiological conditions, the biological system maintains a balance mingled with generation and neutralization of ROS(204). However, when the biological system exposed to petroleum products, the rate of ROS production cells get increased, and depletion of antioxidant reserves may occur when compensation is not enagh(205).Our study shows a statistically significant reduction in all the measured parameters of lung function (except FEV1/FVC) of the oil refinery workers compared with the non-exposed subjects. This finding is in tune with that reported by others. An animal study has indicated that inflammation and/or injury of the airways can be resulted from diesel thrum waste that establishes a significant fraction of particulate air contamination (206). The peak expiratory flow, forced expiratory mean flow, and forced vital capacity are significantly reduced in animals exposed to gasoline exhaust fumes. The existence of SO2 is possibly behind respiratory impairment and the quality of the hydrocarbons in gasoline exhaust gases(207). Moreover, exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons significantly induces lipid peroxidation with a successive increased MDA levels, and a decrease in SOD and CAT activities and GSH level. Such state of oxidative stress, due to exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons, also causes alteration in the histomorphology oflungtissu es, and inhaled petroleum hydrocarbons are potential risk factor in thepathophysiologyof pulmonary dysfunction(208). Histomorphologic research stated that edema and hemorrhagic necrosis of the lung alveoli and parenchyma were caused by petroleum hydrocarbons.The issue of the effect of exposure to petroleum products on hematocrit and RBC count appears to be importantly assorted when matched to that of control group. The toxic ingredients, in petroleum vapors, have been testified to alternate the composition of blood. Most of subjects exposed, for longer than devil years, to petroleum products had significantly lower figures of hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and red blood cell count than subjects for less than two years exposition. Subjects would become anemic progressively on exposure to petroleum fumes. These results indicate that the petroleum fumes cause a reduction in hematological indices, which worsens with prolonged exposure(209). The principal limitations of the cu rrent study, including small sample size, does not enable perfect prediction of the hematological changes in the oil refinery workers included in the study.Moreover, the present study demonstrates significant elevation in serum interleukin-1 in the exposed workers compared with non-exposed subjects. Interleukin-1, also known as catabolin, is a mediator related to the family of cytokines .When the macrophage is activated, This cytokine is released as a proprotein, which is converted by proteolytic enzyme to its active form. This cytokine is considered a significant arbitrator of the inflammatory reaction, and plays a significant part in a diverse cellular events, such as cell distinction, proliferation, and apoptosis(210). Subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and asthma ,demonstrate high level of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1. The highly expression of IL-1 induced in the lungs of adult mice lead to pulmonary inflammation distinguished by neutrophil and macrophage infiltrates. IL-1 affect distal airspace and cause swelling, consistent with emphysema. IL-1 distroyed elastin fibers in alveolar septa and cause fibrosis in the pleura and airway walls. The thickness of conducting airways is elevated by IL-1 , that lead to production of mucine, which in turn aggregates lymphocyte in the airways(211). Moreover, IL-1 has great influence in the conclusion of murine emphysema and small airway remodeling. It is compared to TNF- in this effect(212).ConclusionsWorkers exposed to petroleum products for long-term are placed at oil refinery patience at free burning risk of development of defective organs functions which necessitate a frequent medical examinations and application of suitable measures to prevent serious effects on different body organs of workers and employee at oil refinery industry.Recommendations for Future WorkFrom my perspective , I do recommend people who work in oil refinery industry should take annual classes that pr ovide valuable information regarding health and safety measures to reduce the risk .Providing information and education about air quality monitor in and around refineries.

Kangxi And Louis XIV | Comparison

Kangxi And Louis XIV ComparisonAbsolute monarchy or absolutism means that the sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king who claimed to rule by divine right. Kangxi and Louis XIV were both shining examples for absolutist rule. Age of totalism was between 1610 and 1789. Absolutism is a term used to depict a type of monarchical power that was not at all restrained by institutions, for example, legislatures, social elites, or churches. both(prenominal) Kangxi and Louis X1V were infrangible monarchs associated with the coming to power of professional bureaucracies, professional standing armies, and the coding of state laws. They possessed ideologies that justify the absolutist monarchy. As absolute monarchs they spent of import sums on flamboyant homes for themselves as well as their nobles. It is mandatory in an absolutist state, by the monarchs for nobles to live in the lofty palace, although in their absence, state officials ruled the nobles l ands. This would effectively decrease the power of the nobility, thus causing nobles to become dependent upon the generosity of the monarch for their source of income.Emperor Kangxi became cognize as one of Chinas greatest emperors. He suppressed the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, forced the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan to submit to Qing rule, blocked Tzarist on Russia on the Amur River and extended the empire to the northwest. The compilation of the Kangxi Dictionary was just one primary example of the emperors many a(prenominal) accomplishments pertaining to the subject of literature.During Kangxis reign his country experienced long stability and relative wealth after having suffered many historic period of turmoil and war. He was responsible for the initiation of the Prosperous Era of Kangxi and Qianlong era, which prolonged for generations after his own. As his reign ceased, the Qing Empire had full control over the entire Chinese region, Manchuria, as well as part of the Far East region of Russia and many other regions.Emperor Kangxi, whose have Emperor Shunzhi was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper, was the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty. As he reached age 8 years old on February 17, 1661, Kangxi succeeded imperial throne twelve days after his fathers death. His rule consisted of at least 61 years from 1661 to 1722, making him the protracted reigning emperor in Chinese history.When Kangxi was eight, he ascended the throne. As a child, Kangxi was very talented in literature and he worked diligently. Since he was too young, his father hired four ministers to assist him with the administration of the country. Ao Bai was the name of one of them who furtively assigned his own henchmen to oppose the young emperor. As Kangxi became of age to rule the nation, he ingeniously voided Ao Bais plot.In 1643 Louis XIV became king at age four upon the loss of his father Louis XIII. Louis XIV, also recognized as the Sun King, was among the grea test of significant monarchs in history. He reigned for 72 years, from 1643 until his death in 1715. This made his time as King the longest known reign of any European monarch. He is responsible for taking France from savage medieval to one of the most appealing cultures in the world. He claimed total control of the French Government for 54 years out of the 72 years that he reigned for. The 17th century was labeled as the age of Louis XIV, due to his supreme reign of absolutism in government.Louis began singly governing France as of 1661 after his prime minister, the Italian Cardinal Mazarin passed away. As an advocate of the theory of the divine right of kings, Louis continued his predecessors work of creating a alter Government, governed from within the capital. He sought the elimination of the remnants of Feudalist parts of France. Under his rule, France represented the mainstay of European power, involved in three major wars the Franco Dutch War, the clubhouse Years War, the League of Augsburg War, and the War of the Spanish Succession. A highly skilled politician and statesman Louis X1V supported and profited from the work of major political, military and cultural figures much(prenominal) as Mazarin, Colbert, Turenneaud, Vauban, Moliere, Racine, Boileau, La Fontain, Lully and Le Notre to name just a few. Days before his seventy-seventh birthday after death, Louis was succeeded by his great-grandson who became Louis XV at age 5.Both Kangxi and Louis XIV were shining examples for absolutist rule, and they both were effective absolutist who did a great job governing their kingdom. However, in my opinion Kangxi was the more effective absolutistic of the two. Whereas Louis XIV relied heavily on collaborating with other great men in order to achieve effectiveness, Kangxi relied on utilizing his supreme intellect and succeeded exerting his own true absolute power which was his intelligence.

Bakhresa Group Organisational Structure and Innovation

Bakhresa classify Organisational Structure and InnovationIdentify the strand of presidential term building and regeneration address wasting diseased by the Bakhresa pigeonholing. Is it organic or mechanistic structure followed by the Bakhresa grouping? Among the ii which unmatchable is more suitable to purpose and why?How can Bakhresa group manage the tension between the pick out for creativeness and efficiency?Discuss the main organisational characteristics that facilitate the variety process in the Bakhresa group.Explain the key private roles within the mental hospital process and the activities they perform in the Bakhresa group.How did Bakhresa group establish innovative environment that propagates the pure(a) circle of institution? Explain its features.BACKGROUNDBAKHRESA GROUP OF COMPANIES TANZANIABakhresa free radical is one of the leading Industrial Houses in Tanzania, East Africa. Started in a humble manner with a comminuted restaurant in the larboard Ci ty of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, in mid seventies, it has now emerged as a respected business group in the Region. The sort has its operations spread in Tanzania, Zanzibar, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, and Zambia and most recently in Mozambique. Plans atomic number 18 in place to spread its wings to other countries. The group now boastsof a turnover of more than Three Hundred Million United Sates Dollars and is a noble employer of more than two green employees associated directly. There are several companies under(a) its umbrella and have investments mainly in Food and Beverage Sector, forwarding, Logistics and Real Estate.The Bakhresa group of companies offers two groups of product and services that is food and beverage, and services. Examples of food and beverage companies owned by Bakhresa includes Bakhresa Grain Milling (Malawi) Ltd, Salim Bakhresa Co Ltd, Bakhresa Grain Milling (U) Ltd, Bakhresa Grain Milling (Mozambique) Lda, Zanzibar Milling Corporation Ltd, Bakhresa Food Pro ducts Ltd, Azam Bakeries Company Ltd, Salim Bakhresa Co Ltd and those of services includes Omar Packaging Industries Ltd, Said Salim Bakhresa Co Ltd, Paper Kraft International Ltd, Bakhresa Food Products Ltd, etcORGANISATION STRUCTURE AND INNOVATIONIdentify the strand of organisation structure and innovation approach used by the Bakhresa group. Is it organic or mechanistic structure, among the two which one is more suitable to innovation and why?The structure of an cheek is defined by Mintzberg (1978) as the sum total of slipway in which it divides its labor into distinct tasks and then achieves coordination among them. One of the problems is recognizing that different groups within an organization behave differently and act with different parts of the wider external environment. None the less, on that point have been numerous useful studies exploring the link between the organizational structure and innovative performance.Trott (2005) described the two organizational structur es such as Organic and Mechanistic structure as follows-Mechanistic organization tends to offer a less suitable environment for managing the creative thinking and the innovation process. From Bakhresa group of companies case study analysis the following facts were deduced The channel of communication is highly structured, in that location is restricted information flow, and operating styles are similar and restricted. Authority for decision is based on formal line counselling position and the management is reluctant to adapt changing circumstances. Therefore Bakhresa group of companies use the mechanistic organization structure which offer less suitable environment for innovation and creativity. The seminal work by Burns and Stalker (1961) on Scottish electronic organisation looked at the impact of technical change on organisational structures and on a system of social relationships. It suggests that organic, flexible structures, characterized by the absence of formalities and hierarchy, support innovation more effectively than do mechanistic structures.THE DILEMMA OF INNOVATION MANAGEMENTHow can Bakhresa group manage the tension between the need for creativity and efficiency?Trott (2005) explained that within an organization there is a fundamental tension between the need for stability and the need for creativity. On the one hand, companies acquire stability and static routines to accomplish daily tasks efficiently and quickly. This enables the organization to compete today, for example processing of millions of cheques by banks everyday. On the other hand, companies also need to offend new ideas and new products to be competitive in the future. Hence they need to nurture a creative environment where ideas can be tested and waxed. This poses one of the most fundamental problems for management today.The diagram below by Trott (2005) explains the tension Management between the need for creativity and efficiency.OrganizationEfficiency gainsThe efficient day to day operations within an organization require stable routines which can be achieved in stable and controlled environmentsThe tuition of new products/services requires creativity and mode to try out new ideas this is achieved in a loose and flexible environmentCreativity gainsFrom the Bakhresa group of companies study case analysis shows that The management of the Bakhresa assemblage is committed to long-term growth or else than short-term profit and the organization is willing to invest in the long-term development of engine room and is alive(predicate) of its threats and opportunities and and then comply straight to the organization creativity gains and efficient gains as described by Trott (2005) above.ORGANISATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT FACILITATE THE INNOVATION PROCESSDiscuss the main organisational characteristics that facilitate the innovation process in the Bakhresa group.Trott (2005) explains the following organizational Characteristics that Facilitate the Inno vation ProcessGrowth OrientationIt is characterized by a commitment to long-term growth rather than short-term profit. Not all companies first and foremost objective is growth. somewhat companies are establish merely to exploit a short-term opportunity, other companies would homogeneous to maintain the party at its existing size the objective of innovative companies is to grow the business the actively plan for the long-term, as it has been beguilen in the Bakhresa group of companies The management of the Bakhresa Group is committed to long-term growth rather than short-term profit and the organization is willing to invest in the long-term development of technology and is aware of its threats and opportunities.On top of that Trott (2005) added the following characteristics that facilitate the innovation process.VigilanceIt is characterized by the ability of the organization to be aware of its threats and opportunities. Vigilance requires continual external see e.g. within the merchandiseing function the activity would form part of market research and competitor analysis collecting valuable information is one thing, still relaying it to the necessary individualistics and acting on it are two necessary associated requirements. Presently Bakhresa group is catering the fuel needs of customers in Zanzibar and Local bunkers. The vision is to commemorate the international bunkering business in near future since Zanzibar is the gateway to the East African coast.Commitment to TechnologyIt is characterized by the willingness to invest in the long-term development of technology. Most innovative firms exhibit patience in permitting ideas to geminate and develop overtime. This need to be accompanied by a commitment to resources in wrong of intellectual input without a long-term approach it would be extremely difficult for the company to attract good scientists. As seen in the Bakhresa group of companies technology is highly applied, most of the tasks are machine ry operated. On the other hand the Company has a well supported IT system to run its day to day operations.PC WorkstationInternet AccessSatellite base Fleet Management Solutions Tracking SystemFleet Cost and Maintenance Management System Road pesDaily Reporting Fleet Management SystemReal time location of trucks at finger tipsSpeed monitoring feedback on screen at all timesTelephone and SMS availability at all times rentance of RISKSIt is characterized by the willingness to include jeopardyy opportunities in a balanced portfolio. It mean the willingness to consider carefully risky opportunities. Ability to take calculated risks and include them in a balanced portfolio of projects. Being an entrepreneur Bakhresa took a great risk to even in the foreign land and still think to spread its wings all over the African countries.Cross-functional CooperationIt is characterized by mutual respect among individuals and a willingness to work together across functions. Inter-departmental c onflict is a well documented barrier to innovation. Often conflict has been observed between marketing and R D functions as the two groups often have very different interests.ReceptivityIt is characterized by the ability to be aware of, to identify and take effective reward of externally developed technology. Most technology based innovations involve a combination of several different technologies. It would be unusual for all the technology to be developed in-house. That is why business is witnessing an in chasing number of joint ventures and alliances.SlackIt is characterized by an ability to manage the innovation dilemma and provide room for creativity while organizations place a great emphasis on the need for efficiency, there is also a need for a certain amount of allay to allow individuals room to think, experiment, discuss ideas and be creative.AdaptabilityIt is characterized by a readiness to accept change. The development of new product innovations will invariably lead to disruptions to established organizational activities. Major or radical innovations may result in significant changes, although the two are not necessarily linked. The organization must be ready to accept change in the way it manages its internal activities. Otherwise proposed innovations would be stifled due to a reluctance to alter existing ways of working or to learn new techniques.Diverse Range of SkillsIt is characterized by a combination of specialization and potpourri of knowledge and skills organizations require individuals of a loan-blend nature who are able to understand a variety of technical subjects and facilitate the transfer of knowledge within the company. It is the ability of the organization to manage this diversity of knowledge skills effectively that lies at the heart of the innovation process. Bakhresa Group started in a humble manner with a small restaurant in the Port City of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, past three decades, it has now emerged as a respected busin ess group in the Region. The Group has its operations spread in Tanzania, Zanzibar, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, Zambia and most recently in Mozambique. There are several companies under its umbrella and have investments mainly in Food and Beverage Sector, Packaging, Logistics and Real Estate.The Bakhresa Group has established companies dealing with variety of products from manufacturing of Food and Beverage Sector, Packaging, Logistics and Real Estate and has become a market leader because of innovation and entrepreneurship.THE ROLE OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN THE INNOVATION PROCESSExplain the key individual roles within the innovation process and the activities they perform in the Bakhresa groupTrott (2005) explains innovation process is essentially a people process and that organizational structure, formal decision making processes, delegation of authority and other formal aspects of a so-called well run company are not necessary conditions for successful technological innovation. The study o f Rubenstein has revealed that certain individuals had fulfilled a variety of roles that had contributed to successful technological innovation.Technical InnovatorThis individual is an expert in one or two fields. Generates new ideas and sees new and different ways of doing things. Also referred to as the mad scientific. In the Bakhresa group of companies there is no technical innovator.Technical/Commercial ScannerThis individual acquires vast amounts of information from outside the organization, often through net working. This may include market and technical information. For the company to survive and perform effectively, technical information is very important as seen in the Bakhresa group of companies.GatekeeperThis individual keeps informed of relate developments that occur outside the organization through journals, conferences, colleagues and other companies. Passes information on to others, finds it easy to talk to colleagues. Serves as an information resource for others in the organization, consequently for the organisation to meet customer needs it is important to search for the outside information to see what other organisation do.Product jockThis individual sells new ideas to others in the organization. Acquires resources, aggressive in championing his/her cause, takes risks. As per Bakhresa group of companies there is no product champion.Project LeaderThis individual provides the team with leadership and motivation. Plans and organizes the project ensures that administrative requirements are met. Provides necessary coordination among team members sees that project moves forward effectively. Balances Project goals with organizational needsSponsorThis individual provides access to a power base within the organization a senior person. Buffers the Project team from unnecessary organizational constraints, garters the project team to get what it needs from other parts of the organization. Provides legitimacy and organizational assertion in the projec t. The Bakhresa Group engages commercial scanner, gatekeeper and project leader and sponsor to facilitate the innovation process. Even though the Bakhresa Group of companies lack product champion and technical innovator still the innovation activities within the organization is excellent.ESTABLISHING AN INNOVATIVE ENVIRONMENT AND PROPAGATING THE VIRTUOUS CIRCLEHow did Bakhresa group establish innovative environment that propagates the virtuous circle of innovation? Explain its featuresAs from (Porters 1985 cited in Trott 2005) explained that, given the importance of innovation, many businesses have spent enormous sum of money trying to develop an environment that fosters innovation.Creating a virtuous circle of innovation means getting competitive advantage over others.Virtuous circle of innovationThe organizationsReputation for innovationHigh morale and Attraction ofRetention of creative creative peoplepeopleMotivates people and organizationalReduce frustration encouragement ofCrea tivity and innovationA willingness in theOrg. to accept newideasDevelopment ofInnovativeProductReputation of the OrganizationIt takes many years to develop. It is strongly linked to overall performance. Some companies are able to achieve wide exposure of new products or new research as seen in the case analysis Bakhresa group of companies started in a humble manner with a small restaurant in the Port City of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, in mid seventies, it has now emerged as a respected business group in the Region. The Group has its operations spread in Tanzania, Zanzibar, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, and Zambia and most recently in Mozambique.Attraction of creative people original people will be attracted to those companies that themselves are viewed as creative. TOP scientists and researchers will seek employment with such companies. Currently Bakhresa group of companies is an employer of more than two thousand employees associated directly.Organizational encouragement of creativityThe cr eativity has to be supported with actions and resources with the time to be creative Organization can try to build sufficient unstrain into the system to allow for creative thinking and tolerates errors and mistakes and successful ideas need to be rewarded.Development of Innovative ProductsDeveloping new products that are genuine improvements compared with products currently available. victorious an example of Bakhresa Food Products Limited (BFPL) is based in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania and produces high quality, delicious and nutritious Azam brand Ice Creams, Fruit Juices, Frozen Chapattis and Uhai (means Life in Kiswahili) brand Pure Drinking Water.Azam Bakeries, the largest bakery in Tanzania, produces the popular Azam brand bread, cakes and donuts. The state of the art technology is used for producing the bakery products making the company proud of supplyingessential food in the country.It has a modern biscuit factory producing the finest varieties of biscuits. Many varieties of b iscuits such as Chai, Creams, Glucose, Coconut, Nice, Marie, and Shortcake are popular in the country.Willingness to Accept New IdeasMany organizations suffer from an inability to implement changes and new ideas even after rewarding the people involved in developing those ideas. Once a new product idea has been accepted it is important that it is carried through to completion. In future Bakhresa group of companies expect to tradeLubricantsJet A1LPGWith 60odd resorts of 150beds capacity each, in Zanzibar there is also ample scope for bulk supply LPG (In tanks), if they will able to arrange logistics.Increased Motivation and Reduced frustrationsIndividuals within the organization can see their ideas and efforts contributing to the performance of the business they will be encouraged still further on the other hand if seemingly good ideas are invariably overlooked, this will lead to increased frustrations.High Morale and Retention of Creative peopleA rewarding and enjoyable working env ironment will help to retain creative people. This in turn should reinforce the companys innovative capabilities.The Bakhresa Group, given the importance of innovation, has spent enormous sums of money trying to develop an environment that fosters innovation. The Bakhresa Group is aware of developing a reputation for innovation which helps propagate a virtuous circle that reinforces Groups abilities.RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONAs seen in the case study analysis, Bakhresa group of companies is now expanding towards all over the Africa supplying services and products. The company mainly caters through the food and beverage products and service products. The organisation structure of Bakhresa group of companies is characterized by mechanistic structure which is not very much conducive for enhancing innovation process within organisation, for more efficiency and effectiveness I suggest Bakhresa group of companies to start adopting organic structure. Meanwhile the structure of Bakhresa group of companies lacks the product champion and technical innovator so I suggest also including those two individual roles for maximum output of companies. Despite various organisation that falls under the umbrella of the Bakhresa group of companies the top management of all sub companies is comprised by family members, something that tycoon bring trouble when family instability happens.

Transplants and Diabetes :: essays research papers

Three Toronto scientists sport developed an organtransplant procedure that could, among its manybenefits, reverse diabetes. The procedure wasdeveloped by Bernard Leibel, Julio Martin andWalter Zingg at the University of Toronto and the hospital for Sick Children. The story of their workbegan in 1978, when they delved into researchwhich had never to begin with been tried. They wantedto determine if the success rate of organtransplants would increase if the recipient wasinjected with act amounts of organ tissue priorto the transplant. The intention was to adapt therecipient to the transplanted tissue and therebyraise the threshold of rejection. In the case of thediabetes experiment, this meant injecting rats withpancreatic tissue before transplanting islets ofLangerhans, small clusters of cells scatteredthroughout the pancreas which produce insulin,glucagon, and somatostatin. In their firstexperiment, outbred Wistar rats were injectedwith increasing amounts of minced pancreas fromu nrelated donor rats for one year while a controlgroup was left untreated. Then both the treatedand control groups received injections ofapproximately 500-800 islets of Langerhans fromunrelated donors. Of the five treated animals, twobecame clinically and biochemically permanentlynormal. Six months later, Martin examined thecured rats and found intact, functioning isletssecreting all of their hormones, including insulin.None of the controls were cured. Encouraged bytheir first results, Leibel, Martin, and Zinggdecided to repeat the experiment with rats withmuch stronger immune barriers (higher levels ofrejection). Seven rats out of nine were cured. "Weset up a protocol and worked patiently with smallnumbers," says Leibel, "but the results argonindisputable." In addition to reversing diabetes,there are two other benefits to the pre-treatmentprocedure, according to the scientists. The first isthat the pancreas produces all the other hormonesof a normal pancreas, not ju st insulin. The secondbenefit is that the transplant recipient doesnt haveto take immunosuppressive drugs, which are sotoxic for diabetics. At present, diabetics whoreceive a transplanted pancreas must take such

The Dollmaker by Harriette Arnow Essay -- Dollmaker Harriette Arnow

The Dollmaker by Harriette Arnow The Dollmaker by Harriette Arnow is the story of one cleaning lady whose genius is undermined by those surrounding her. Gertie Nevels, a tall, big-boned woman raised in the Appalacian region of Kentucky is creative, self-sufficient, strong, and resourceful. In her native home, Gertie creates for herself an atmosphere where she is able to survive any situation and has everything under control. As Wilton Eckley states in From Kentucky to Detroit, a chapter in his novel, Harriette Arnow, Certainly while the family is living in Kentucky, she Gertie is self-sufficient and has no fear that she will be unable to get along if Clovis is called to join all the different younger men of the community in the service (87). In fact, she is able to make her dream of moving into a larger farm and expand her comforts and resources, along with providing better for her family without the help of her husband however, when she is forced to move to Detroit, she is out of her element. Throughout her life, she has molded herself to be able to do any task that is stereotypic of males or females. Even though initially she finds it hard to live the city life that is typical of Detroit, she is able to adapt her mind to be able to tolerate- and finally accept- her new surroundings. Although Gertie Nevels shows obvious genius, because of her geographic disposition and gender, she is unable to use her abilities to the fullest extent. Harriette Arnow uses the first scene in her novel to exemplify Gerties strength, intellectual capacity, practical customs duty of skills and courage furthermore, she portrays (within the reaction of the soldiers) the reaction that outsiders usually have to her. Because of her dialect a... ...er needs the block of wood to feel as if she can connect to God. Harriette Arnow, in her earn from a Writer, states that Gertie split her wood because she didnt need it anymore it was not an act of despair. Moreover, It hurt a nd was a sacrifice in a sentience made for all the things she hated (25). Furthermore, she comments that Gertie split the block of wood, knowing the things she had wanted in the face were about her in the world. Works Cited Arnow, Harriette. The Dollmaker. New York Avon, 1972. ... Letter from a Writer. Now and Then 5 (Fall 1988) 24-25. Eckley, Wilton. From Kentucky to Detroit City (Chapter 5). Harriette Arnow. New York Twayne, 1974. 85-100. Walsh, Kathleen. Free Will and Determinism in Harriette Arnows The Dollmaker. South Atlantic Review 49.4 (1984) 91-106.

Religious Toleration during the Enlightenment Essay -- Enlightenment of

The Enlightenment of the 18th century evolved due to the many changes brought about by the scientific Revolution. With all of the new scientific discoveries, new thought processes were developed. The scientists of the Scientific Revolution brought about revolutionary change. These scientists inspired the philosophes of the Enlightenment to challenge the ways of the Old Regime and question the ideas of the church. Philosophers such as Francois Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke published their moot ideas and these ideas along with some important political action, helped to mold a new type of society. The new society was one that tolerated different religious beliefs. The minds of men, abandoning the old disciplines and contentions of theology, morose to what they called natural philosophy, namely, the faith in individual reason rather than in divine revelation they welcomed the excitement offered by the ever widening opportunities for discovery and doctor and by the pr ospect of immeasurable progress owing to the inventions of science and technology and the spread of education.1 Religious toleration during the Age of Enlightenment was ultimately moved(p) by changes in the Roman Catholic Church, the politics of the 18th century, and the philosophy movement. Enlightenment was a term, which was used to describe a new philosophy of life. It was a time when man, stepping, out of his shackles, began to use his rational facilities and shoved aside the state and church authorities.2 Individuals began to rely on their own instincts in order to realize that there were certain civil liberties that should be provided to them, that they were not receiving. Religious freedom was one of these civil liberties.... ...f Church and State destroyed many monarchies and permitted democracy. 1 Nicolson, Harold. The Mainstream of the Modern population The Age of Reason. Edited by John Gunther. (Garden City, N.Y. Doubleday and Company Inc.,1961),19. 2 Pacini, David S. The Cunning of the Modern Religious Thought. (Philadelphia Fortress Press,1987),35. 3 Pacini, 36. 4 Hooker, Richard. Martin Luther. http//www.wsu.edu/dee/REFORM/LUTHER/HTM. (14Feb2000). 5 Nicolson, 40. 6 Pacini, 46. 7 Grell, Peter, Bob Scribner, ed. Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation. (Cambridge Cambridge University Press,1996),69. 8 Brians, Paul. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques The Social Contract (1762). http//www.sgc.peachnet.edu/users/rreiman/www/time/rousseau.htm (14Feb2000). 9 Brians 10 Brians 11 Grell,167 12 Grell,168